Tires for winter; Tire load sensitivity
Tire load sensitivity describes the behaviour of tires under load. Conventional pneumatic tires do not behave as classical friction theory would suggest. Friction theory says that the maximum horizontal force developed should be proportional to the vertical load on the tire. In practice, the maximum horizontal force Fy that can be generated is proportional, roughly, to the vertical load Fz raised to the power of somewhere between 0.7 and 0.9, typically.
Production car tires typically develop this maximum lateral force at a slip angle of 6-10 degrees, although this angle increases as the vertical load on the tire increases. Milliken, W.F., Milliken, D.L., 1995, “Race Car Vehicle Dynamics”, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Warrendale, PA. page 27. Formula 1 car tires may reach a peak sideforce at 3 degrees Wright P., 2001, “Formula 1 Technology”, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Warrendale, PA.
As an example, here is data extracted from Milliken and Milliken’s “Race Car Vehicle Dynamics”, figure 2.9:
| Vertical load | Fy/Fz | Slip Angle |
| (lbf) | max | degrees |
| 900 | 1.10 | 5.6 |
| 1350 | 1.08 | 6.0 |
| 1800 | 0.97 | 6.7 |
The same sensitivity is typically seen in the longitudinal forces, and combined lateral and longitudinal slip.
- APA.ca A winter tire offers significant safety advantages over an all-season tire. Braking on ice is better. In comparison tests, the best winter tires stopped
- Nokian Tires- All Weather Tires, Winter Tires and Summer Tires Description: Continues to set the world standard in studless winter tires those vehicles requiring smaller sizing yet looking for the one of the best Winter
Best winter tires; Whitewall tire
Whitewall tires are tires that have a stripe of white rubber on the outer sidewalls. The early tires were made with rubber that is naturally white. However, the white rubber did not offer sufficient traction and endurance so carbon black was added to the rubber used for the treads. This resulted in tires with both sidewalls of white rubber. Next came the tires built with all black rubber and white rubber was added to make the whitewalls. The original whitewalls featured an entirely white sidewall. Modern whitewall tires often have a thin white stripe, or white raised lettering identifying the tire manufacturer and tire model.
Such tires were made with a full strip of white rubber under the black. The raised white letters were revealed by buffing the cured tire sidewall.
The black covering strip was made of Neoprene (polychloroprene) to avoid staining.
Classic vehicles have usually been optioned with wide whitewalls - it was popular during the pre and post-war era, only to resurface in the 1970s as a limousine trademark and within the pimpmobile culture. Although wide whitewalls are rare on modern automobiles, they are still manufactured by specialty outlets and/or classic car restoration companies such as Diamond Back Classics, Coker Tire and Vogue Tyre Company. Some companies manufacture wide whitewall inserts - the Portawall inserts are usually sold through VW Beetle restoration companies. (Port-A-Walls should not be used with radial tires due to the flexing of the sidewall that creates friction and rubbing between the port-a-wall and the tire )
Wide Whitewalls were popular on classic cars produced 1961 and earlier, lowrider and Cadillacs. Beginning with the 1962 Chevrolet Impala SS the whitewalls were reduced to 1″ wide with black between the rim and the whitewall. Modern trends toward more minimal styling, and large rims favoring low-profile tires leave little room for a whitewall. With the introduction of the new “retro”-styled Ford Thunderbird, Chrysler PT Cruiser, and Chevrolet HHR, wide whitewalls are again becoming popular. They are also an avalibale factory option on the Lincoln Town Car.
Other cars with whitewall tires:
- ConsumerReports.org - Winter tires: Snow traction, snow tires All-season tires aren’t the best in the wake of a severe winter storm, especially if you must be on road before the highway crews.
- Michelin tire gets grip on winter 20 Feb 2008 In our driving, the Michelin was the best in accelerating on ice and was Michelin's new X-Ice Xi2 winter tire features technology that
Best winter tires; Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Women’s 500 metres
The Women’s 500m speed skating competition for the 2006 Winter Olympics was held in Turin, Italy.
| Rank | Athlete | Race 1 Time (Place) |
Race 2 Time (Place) |
Total Time |
Difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 38.23 (1) | 38.34 (2) | 76.57 | – | |
| 2 | 38.31 (2) | 38.47 (5) | 76.78 | +0.21 | |
| 3 | 38.60 (4) | 38.27 (1) | 76.87 | +0.30 | |
| 4 | 38.46 (3) | 38.46 (4) | 76.92 | +0.35 | |
| 5 | 38.69 (6) | 38.35 (3) | 77.04 | +0.47 | |
| 6 | 38.70 (7) | 38.55 (6) | 77.25 | +0.68 | |
| 7 | 38.71 (8) | 38.56 (7) | 77.27 | +0.70 | |
| 8 | 38.74 (9) | 38.65 (8) | 77.39 | +0.82 | |
| 9 | 38.68 (5) | 38.75 (11) | 77.43 | +0.86 | |
| 10 | 39.02 (11) | 38.66 (9) | 77.68 | +1.11 | |
| 11 | 38.97 (10) | 38.73 (10) | 77.70 | +1.13 | |
| 12 | 39.12 (12) | 38.97 (12) | 78.09 | +1.52 | |
| 13 | 39.20 (13) | 39.15 (13) | 78.35 | +1.78 | |
| 14 | 39.26 (14) | 39.33 (15) | 78.59 | +2.02 | |
| 15 | 39.46 (17) | 39.19 (14) | 78.65 | +2.08 | |
| 16 | 39.42 (=15) | 39.43 (19) | 78.85 | +2.28 | |
| 17 | 39.42 (=15) | 39.47 (20) | 78.89 | +2.32 | |
| 18 | 39.65 (21) | 39.37 (16) | 79.02 | +2.45 | |
| 19 | 39.64 (20) | 39.39 (17) | 79.03 | +2.46 | |
| 20 | 39.57 (18) | 39.68 (24) | 79.25 | +2.68 | |
| 21 | 39.69 (22) | 39.65 (=22) | 79.34 | +2.77 | |
| 22 | 39.83 (=23) | 39.60 (21) | 79.43 | +2.86 | |
| 23 | 39.83 (=23) | 39.65 (=22) | 79.48 | +2.91 | |
| 24 | 40.16 (27) | 39.40 (18) | 79.56 | +2.99 | |
| 25 | 40.01 (=25) | 39.72 (25) | 79.73 | +3.16 | |
| 26 | 40.01 (=25) | 39.98 (27) | 79.99 | +3.42 | |
| 27 | 40.45 (29) | 39.91 (26) | 80.36 | +3.79 | |
| 28 | 40.23 (28) | 40.46 (28) | 80.69 | +4.12 | |
| 29 | 39.63 (19) | 72.76 (29) | 112.39 | +35.82 | |
| 30 | DQ | DQ |
- Best SNOW tires? - Tundra Solutions Forum OK you guys and gals. I searched the forums and have found little to help in finding the best snow tire setup for the Tundra. I just bought a 2nd set.
Snow blower tires; Snow blower
A snow blower, snowblower, or snow thrower is a machine for removing snow from an area where it is not wanted, such as a driveway, sidewalk, roadway, or runway. It can use either electric power, or a gasoline or diesel engine to throw snow to another location or into a truck to be hauled away. This is in contrast with the action of snow plows, which push snow to the front or side (shovels can be similarly used).
Snow blowers range from the very small, capable of removing only several inches (a few cm) of light snow in an 18 to 20 inch (45 to 50 cm) path, to very large, mounted onto heavy duty winter service vehicles and capable of moving 10 foot (3 m) wide swaths of heavy snow up to 6 feet (2 m) deep. Snow blowers can generally be divided into two classes: single stage and two stage.
Single stage snow throwers use a single high-speed impeller to both move the snow into the machine and force it out the discharge chute. The impeller is usually in the form of two or more curved plastic paddles that move snow towards the centerline of the machine where the discharge chute is located. Single stage snow throwers usually are light duty machines. Small electric machines can actually be picked up to chew away deep snow banks a layer at a time.
One exception to the “single stage snow throwers are small” rule are the enormous single stage rotary snow throwers used by railroads to clear tracks in mountainous areas. These rotary snowplows use one or two very large impellers that can span the entire width of the train and typically discharge to the side
By comparison, two stage snow blowers have one or more low-speed metal augers that break up the snow and move it into a separate high-speed impeller (sometimes called the fan). The impeller ‘blows’ the snow out the discharge chute with considerable force. All but the lightest-duty snow throwers are typically two-stage machines.
Two stage snow blowers range in power from a few horsepower to very large machines powered by diesel engines of over 1000 horsepower (750 kW). The large machines are used for clearing roadways and airport runways. These are capable of removing large
amounts of snow quickly. Some municipalities use larger snowblowers to clear snow from streets after a snowfall, often by blowing the snow into trucks which haul it away.
Two stage machines for home use are usually self-propelled, using either large wheels equipped with tire chains or, in some cases, tracks. These are usually single-purpose machines, though some are detachable front ends that can be replaced with other implements, such as a rotary tiller.
The auger drive is usually equipped with a shear pin. If a major jam occurs, this pin will break rather than allowing the internal drive gears to be damaged. The pin must then be replaced by the user before operation can resume.
One problem with the design of the snowblower is that snow can build up in the auger, jamming it and stalling the motor. This is complicated by the fact that the auger may twist before applying enough resistance to the motor to stop it. If the jam is cleared with a hand, it is possible for the auger to return to its natural shape suddenly and with great force, possibly injuring the user; snowblowers are a leading cause of traumatic finger amputations. [1] The correct procedure is to stop the engine, disengage the clutch and then clear the jam with a broom handle or other long object.
Arthur Sicard (December 17, 1876 - September 13, 1946) is credited as the inventor of the snow blower. Arthur Sicard lived on a farm when he was a boy, and used to sell milk. Finding that snowfall would prevent his selling of milk, he dreamed up an idea for a machine that would blow snow and clear up roadways. In 1925 Sicard completed his first prototype, based on a concept he described in 1894. He founded Sicard Industries in Ste-Therese, Quebec and by 1927 his vehicles were in use removing snow from the roadways of Montreal, Quebec, Canada. His company is now a division of SMI-Snowblast, Inc. of Watertown, New York, USA, as well as a Canadian operation, Sicard SSI Group, Inc. in Knowlton, Quebec.[2]
- Winter Tire Tips When's the best time to install winter tires? Ideally, don't wait for snow. Do it when the temperature starts to drop to 7 degrees C or below.
Continental winter tires; Speed skating at the 2006 Winter Olympics - Men’s 10000 metres
Complete results for the Men’s 10000m Speed Skating competition at the 2006 Winter Olympics.
| Rank | Name | Time | Gap |
| Gold | 13:01.57 | 0.00 | |
| Silver | 13:05.40 | 3.83 | |
| Bronze | 13:08.80 | 7.23 | |
| 4 | 13:12.58 | 11.01 | |
| 5 | 13:12.93 | 11.36 | |
| 6 | 13:17.54 | 15.97 | |
| 7 | 13:18.14 | 16.57 | |
| 8 | 13:21.54 | 19.97 | |
| 9 | 13:23.55 | 21.98 | |
| 10 | 13:29.50 | 27.93 | |
| 11 | 13:37.62 | 36.05 | |
| 12 | 13:41.91 | 40.34 | |
| 13 | 13:47.67 | 46.10 | |
| 14 | 13:48.12 | 46.55 | |
| 15 | 14:14.81 | 1:13.24 | |
| - | DQ | - |
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